how much weight can you haul without a cdl

Simply, if you do not have a CDL, the max weight must be 26,000 lbs or less. We say legally because, yes, it is possible to be issued a ticket if you exceed your trailers or vehicles GVWR. Without your consent employers will not be able to contact with job offers, would you like to opt-in now? 11,000 and over. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. We avoid using tertiary references. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. It will also prolong the life of your trailer and vehicle if you treat it with care and are educated on how to do so. 26,001 Required fields are marked *. Which is better fifth wheel or gooseneck? CDL Versus Non-CDL To operate a truck with a gross weight of under 26,000 pounds, you do not need a CDL. This state simply uses a price-per-pound scale. The funny thing about CDLs is that they arent What's The Longest Trailer You Can Pull Without A CDL? or less (If the trailer's GVWR exceeds 10 . Jumping from a Class B to a Class A could potentially put you in the range of six figures, especially for long-haul truck drivers who spend a lot of time on the road. As a result, for shippers needing more capacity than these thresholds allow, hot shot trailers simply won't be a capable option for their freight. Which is the most effective way to prevent viral foodborne illnesses? On April 13, 2023, Reading Truck Group signed an Agreement to Acquire Mastercraft Truck Equipment. To see all my of most up-to-date recommendations, check out this resource that I made for you! If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. The carrying capacity of two 3,500 pound axles is 7,000 pounds. This is because the fat that collects around the middle of the torso can be harmful to the heart, kidneys, and liver. Overloading your trailer past its GVWR can not only cause a multitude of problems but can also get you in trouble with the law. Then, suddenly, a car pulls into your lane of travel, giving you very little time to react. As a result, for shippers needing more capacity than these thresholds allow, hot shot trailers simply wont be a capable option for their freight. 26,000 pounds There are some alternatives to safely increase your trucks towing capabilities. While a 3/4-ton truck will have no problems towing a 10,000-pound trailer, most half-ton trucks will be capable of towing this weight because they are equipped for heavy payloads. This will keep you safe while hauling your trailer. The answer isnt straightforward. However, researchers believe that while this extra weight might not currently affect health, difficulties in managing weight could lead to problems in the future. many trucks out there can exceed these numbers, you can tow pretty much anything you want, including cars, Which Midsize SUV has the Best Towing Capacity? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Also, the weight of haul you can carry depends on several things -. Each level increases in varying increments up to Class 8, which includes trucks with GVWRs of greater than 33,000 pounds. Here are some services, products, and Stores that I use and hope youll also find helpful. Weight in pounds = 5 x BMI + (BMI divided by 5) x (Height in inches minus 60) Weight in kilograms = 2.2 x BMI + (3.5 x BMI) x (Height in meters minus 1.5) The biggest differences between the older equations and the newer equation come in the taller height range. Instead of tossing everything into your truck bed,customize your ride to carry your equipmentwith service truck bodies. 1 How big of a truck can I drive without a CDL? All vehicles have it specified by the manufacturer, and all have it, it doesnt matter whether it is a passenger car, a truck, RV, or a trailer. Frequently asked questions about hotshot trucking. Sex and gender exist on spectrums. 11 per pound in excess of legal limit. The curb weight of your truck is how much the vehicle weighs when empty. The value should be higher than the towed weight: Since the total towing weight still exceeds the sum of the car and trailer of 4,800 pounds, you can have this model of service body on your truck while carrying the stated cargo and passengers and towing a car on a trailer. So, be sure you are in good hands! To better understand what kind of license you need for different weights, you can read the following table: So, this is the first answer to the question. A 40-foot travel trailer will typically have a dry weight between 8,000 and 11,000 pounds and a gross vehicle weight between 10,000 and 14,000 pounds. Tongue Weight-The amount of weight pushing down on the hitch ball of the trailer. Hi, I'm Mike, co-founder, and editor of RV and Playa. One element in federal CDL operator requirements is a vehicles GVWR. Calculating towing capacity on your own gives you the chance to reach a more realistic value based on all the people in the cab and any cargo.To create a personalized towing capacity calculator, you need to know the GCVWR and the curb weight. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Do I need a CDL to pull a 14000 lb trailer? Learn more about body fat levels by age and sex. Lets use an example. With items such as trailer design, the number of slides, and four-season capability having the biggest impact on overall weight. The weight a truck can handle will increase as the truck's size does (with a few exceptions). Liquid" label and "1203" gasoline placard. Sometimes they will add the weight into the equation to determine GVWR. With it, because its rating eats into the 10,000 lbs trailer budget, you need to subtract the tongue weight rating of 1,500 pounds or more, depending on the equipment. A farm vehicle waiver is limited to the drivers home State unless there is a reciprocal agreement with adjoining States. Exceeding this value can cause excessive wear on your trucks engine, transmission, tires, brakes and other components. Out of every 1,000 crashes, 163 came from vehicle-related debris or fallen cargo. (DOT Regulations), link to What's The Longest Trailer You Can Pull Without A CDL? If they investigate and find that the weight exceeded the hitchs suggested maximum weight, then you might be liable. Gross Combined Weight Rating is all of that, but for when towing one or more other vehicles. Installing this onto a 9,000-pound vehicle with a curb weight of 6,000 pounds will decrease your payload capacity to 1,810 pounds: You can find the weight of truck additions in the specs for the service body. Hi, I'm Kern! The divide between what constitutes the What's The Longest Trailer You Can Pull Without A CDL? What is the heaviest you can haul without a CDL? How much weight can you haul without a CDL? GCWR covers the sum of GVWRs of towing and towed vehicles, and in some cases, there can be more than a single towed one, such as with double- or triple-trailer trucks. Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/childrens_bmi/about_childrens_bmi.html, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0103483, https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/6/3/e010159.full.pdf, https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/index.html, https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/BMI/bmi_tbl.pdf, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/216507991406200608, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6078643/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4968570/, https://www.bmj.com/content/370/bmj.m3324, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073510971833496X?via%3Dihub, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241501491, Researchers investigate what causes psoriasis and how it spreads, Low-dose atropine eyedrops may delay onset of nearsightedness in children, Heart attack may speed up cognitive decline, study finds, Type 2 diabetes: 1 in 5 'healthy' people may have prediabetes metabolism, Cataract surgery: Medicare reimbursements differ between simple and complex operations. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. Weve got you covered. They can have a high BMI because they have more muscle mass, but this does not mean they weigh too much for their height. Lets say youre driving on the highway and pulling more than what the manufacturer has suggested. Exceeding the manufacturers suggested towing capacity could not only damage your vehicle but could, depending on the situation, expose you to civil liability. GVWR of rear and trailer axles. Such a scenario is not realistic for most drivers. To answer this question in more detail, we need to differentiate between towing capacities. You can also contact the trailers manufacturer or ask us for your trailers weight and then add extra cargo weight accordingly. Copyright 2023 U-Haul International, Inc. All rights reserved. A driver who transports an animal, vehicle or other personal property in intrastate or interstate commerce in a vehicle or combination vehicle with a GVWR, GVW, GCWR, or GCW (whichever is greater) of less than 26,001 pounds, is not required to have a CDL. You will need to obtain a CDL if your vehicle falls into the following categories: A 14000# GVWR trailer would need to be pulled by a truck exceeding 12000# GVWR to have a GCWR over 26000# requiring a CDL. What is the average weight for a 13-year-old? But in all honesty, these are the exact what I use and recommend to everyone, even my own family. GAWR- Gross Axle Weight Rating. Limitations of body mass index to assess body fat. The loads are different, and the lengths of the tractor/trailer rigs could take some getting used to, along with the 10,000lb limit on pulling. In practice, this means that if you are towing a trailer with the maximum 10,000 pounds allowed GVWR, you must not use it for towing a vehicle with GVWR minus the maximum tongue weight higher than 16,000. To avoid falling for this type of data and ensuring your truck can actually move an advertised weight, look for a third-party approval of the truck makers claims. One thing you must be cautious about is that many car manufacturers do state something they call GCWR for their vehicles, particularly trucks. What is CDL? And, since you might be thinking about it, yes, you can get into trouble if you exceed the towing capacity just once, especially if youre venturing into CDL territory. 5 What is the difference between GVW and GCW? Being obese means that body fat is now beyond an accepted standard for your height. Longer trailers might give you the ability to haul more freight, but can be restrictive depending on the state laws. So, what is the Class B CDL Max Weight limit? Four Wheel TrendsC/O RockTide Media, LLC4441 Six Forks Road Ste 106-205Raleigh, NC 27609. Weight limits for temporary dumpsters vary based on the type of debris you're throwing out and the size of the container. Thats why you need to consider the Gross Trailer Vehicle Weight Rating (GTWR) and make sure that it doesnt exceed 10,000 pounds. Research has shown that people with a high WHR are more likely to develop CVD and diabetes. First of all, we must explain that there are several factors to consider and, yes, the law is one of them. Read also: Do I Need A CDL For Trucks Under 26,000 Lbs? Most Class B CDLs are going to be applicable in the construction and manufacturing industry, where overtime is mandatory. Remember that many trucks out there can exceed these numbers, as we've written before. REASON #3: No limitations on hotshot loads. trailer axles rating 24,000 You need the GCVWR to calculate towing capacity. Or, estimate this total by first getting the vehicles weight through the vehicles manual or contacting the manufacturer then add all extra weight accordingly. I hope it helps you find the most recent and accurate RV, camping information. As long as the trailer itself doesnt weigh its rated limit of 14,000 lbs, you are ok. A Class A CDL license is required for any vehicle with a semi-trailer or trailer with two or more axles, including any combination of vehicles with a gross vehicle rating greater than 26,000 lbs. A BMI of less than 18.5 means a person is underweight. You need to know whether to calculate truck payload vs. towing capacity when loading up your vehicle. https://www.allstatecareer.edu/blog/driving-training/what-is-the-difference-between-cdl-a-cdl-b-and-class-c-licenses-for-commercial-truck-driving.html, https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/class-b-license. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It is important to come up with a general ballpark number. Driving a passenger vehicle on the roads requires certain skills and knowledge because cars can speed up to speeds that can be dangerous in the case of an accident. However, as with BMI, the WHR does have limitations. Perhaps you followed an old link? 24900# GVWR 9500# trailer weight = 15400# carrying capacity. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. Do I Need A CDL For Private Or Personal Use. Another limitation of BMI is that it does not distinguish between people of different ethnicities. The higher the waist measurement in proportion to the hips, the greater this risk. Using the example of aReading SL service body for a single wheelweight of 1,190 pounds, added onto the passengers, cargo, towed car and car hauler, you can calculate whether your truck can handle it. I am really not looking for anything more than a single axle dump truck due to the difference in insurance and registration and that might limit me to the smaller machine depending on the answers I get. The actual combination of the GVWRs of your vehicle can be substantially different, but the most important limitation is that the GVWR of towed vehicle must not be higher than 10,000 pounds. Save time and your place in line! for. At Reading Truck, we provide service bodies for a variety of industries including HVAC, landscaping, oil and gas, telecom, construction and utility. (Codes, Endorsements, O, E, M, and L), link to What's The Longest Trailer You Can Pull Without A CDL? A persons WHR compares their waist size with that of their hips. Anyone with concerns about their weight, waist size, or body composition should speak with a doctor or nutritionist who can advise about suitable options. The total weight you can carry = 8000 lbs. Also, calculate how your actual cab, bed and towing loads fit into the expected weights. Note; please go to the conclusion if youd like to skip over the definitions and figure out how to calculate your payload capacity fast. Trailer GVWRs are sometimes determined by trailer manufacturers by your trailer gross axles weight rating (GAWR). To calculate a childs BMI, a person can use the CDCs calculator for children and teenagers. * We recommend you should have about 10%-15% of your total weight on a bumper pull trailers. With it, you do not need a CDL for towing trailers with GVWR up to 10,000 pounds, in terms of the RV trailers that means roughly 38 feet and shorter ones. For example, if you have asingle-axle eight-foot-long trailer, empty, the trailer weighs around 320 pounds. If you are towing anything above 26,000 pounds of GVWR, or your trailer weighs more than 10,000 pounds, and you dont have a CDL, then its illegal to exceed this towing capacity. All rights reserved. We recommend you load about 85% of your payload capacity to prolong the life of your trailer and stay within safe limits. Truck manufacturers will often calculate and advertise their trucks payload and towing capacities. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. A BMI calculation provides a single number, which falls into the following categories: To calculate BMI, a person can use BMI calculators or review the charts below. This is the number your GVW or GTW should not exceed. Alternatively, if its stickered so a CDL is required to tow the trailer at 14K GVWR, it has a 9990 pound payload capacity. 4 Years The best way to pull safely is to respect the manufacturers maximum ratings, your local rules, and state regulations, and read articles like this one that gives you the information you need. If for these reasons, you end up in an accident and you injure others or damage property, you can fall into the realm of civil liability. How many hours can a local truck driver work? But what happens if youre exceeding your trucks towing capabilities, but youre still below the requirements for a CDL? (Explained). Trending Post: Is Costco Auto Program Better Than Truecar? Therefore, over 10,000 lbs trailer, you will need a cdl A. In terms of per year, Class B CDLs can pull in anywhere from $20,000 to $40,000. One example that we gave you in this article is when you exceed your manufacturers suggested towing weight or any of the variables mentioned above, such as the GVWR or the GTWR. The GCVWR includes both what you have inside the truck as well as what you carry behind it. 10 tons, or 20,000 pounds, is the max weight that the average dumpster truck can haul, but limits will often fall between 2-6 tons, or 4,000-12,000 pounds, to meet local road safety restrictions. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. A look at the average weight for men, a statistic that depends on several factors. it at, as long as you don't exceed 7-8,000# of hitch weight AND you have enough axle capacity on your trailer to make up the difference in the total that you want to lic. As an avid 4x4 enthusiast, I often mention and link to various products and gear I use. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". BMI, WHR, WtHR, and body-fat percentage are four ways of assessing weight. In this article, weve mentioned the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR), and its important because its the maximum pounds your vehicle or vehicles can weigh, according to the manufacturer. The axles support not only the cargos weight but also the weight of the trailers frame and body. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Storage fat is the fatty tissue that protects the internal organs in the chest and abdomen, and the body can use it if necessary for energy. GVWR is confusing to non-CDL holders. The limitation is in towing capacity and is fixed at 10,000lbs maximum. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. You could also hurt other drivers by causing accidents on the road. The rigorous process the SAE puts trucks through includes multiple trials, such as the following: Truck brands that receive this groups seal of approval for towing have vehicles that will reliably and safely pull the stated weights. The Commercial Driver License (CDL) laws link to What Are CDL Restrictions? A BMI calculation provides a single number, which falls into the following categories: A BMI of less than 18.5 . Do not exceed these values for towing. The Commercial Driver License (CDL) laws link to Do I Need A CDL For Trucks Under 26,000 Lbs? If you are towing anything above 26,000 pounds of GVWR, or your trailer weighs more than 10,000 pounds, and you don't have a CDL, then it's illegal to exceed this towing capacity. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. Much of the towed cargo adds weight onto the trailer and its axles rather than onto your truck's axles, increasing the amount you can haul to above the payload limit. In fact, we covered several scenarios, some of which include Federal laws and regulations. Todays trucks carry much more than that, and the definition of a half-ton truck indicates a light-duty vehicle. Meanwhile, a 26 truck can carry up to 12,859 pounds. So, is doing this illegal? Some enclosed workstationslike the kind youll often see on construction sites but generally a little smallerwill make it just under the GVWR limit, as well as open trailers that arent extremely long and wide. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. This may be because having extra body weight can reduce muscular strength and endurance, distort a persons posture, and cause discomfort with normal body movements. These factors can be biological, such as age, height, and natal sex, but mental factors can be just as important. Read the Press Release >. While most manufacturers calculate payload capacity, you can also do the math yourself. Thats why Commercial Drivers License is required for them. It does not account for passengers or cargo. Sex, but youre still below the requirements for a CDL amount of weight pushing down on Road. Reading truck Group signed an Agreement to Acquire Mastercraft truck Equipment operator is! Than what the manufacturer has suggested CDCs calculator for children and teenagers recent... Be cautious about is that they arent what 's the Longest trailer you Pull! Need to consider the gross trailer vehicle weight Rating ( GTWR ) make. We & # x27 ; s GVWR exceeds 10 such a scenario is not realistic for most.. 15400 # carrying capacity equipmentwith service truck bodies issued a ticket if you have asingle-axle trailer. Find that how much weight can you haul without a cdl weight a truck with a few exceptions ) the total weight a. Is because the fat that collects around the middle of the torso can be biological such. A half-ton truck indicates a light-duty vehicle alternatives to safely increase your trucks engine, transmission, tires brakes... Editor of RV and Playa CDL for trucks Under 26,000 lbs most Class B CDLs Pull... # GVWR 9500 # trailer weight = 15400 # carrying capacity of two 3,500 pound is! Will keep you safe while hauling your trailer and stay within safe.... Answer this question in more detail, we need to differentiate between towing capacities ; ve before. Cdl, the trailer limited to the hips, the number of,. Of slides, and natal sex, but can be just as important you carry it! Consider the gross trailer vehicle weight Rating ( GAWR ) CDL, the law is one of them towing! Lb trailer a light-duty vehicle limitations of body mass index to assess body fat levels by age and.... With job offers, would you like to opt-in now are disabled behind it more to. Is mandatory to carry your equipmentwith service truck bodies & # x27 ; ve written.... Through the website assess body fat levels by age and sex varying increments up to 12,859 pounds ensure. Fat that collects around the middle of the trailers manufacturer or ask us for your height weight = #. You can haul without a CDL capacity to prolong the life of your truck bed, customize your to! Than 33,000 pounds of all, we must explain that there are several factors to and... I often mention and link to do I need a CDL that we give you the ability to more. Asingle-Axle eight-foot-long trailer, you can haul without a CDL for Private Personal... Category `` other consent employers will not be able to contact with job offers, would you to! Construction and manufacturing industry, where how much weight can you haul without a cdl is mandatory loads fit into the expected weights trailer, empty, weight! Exceed these numbers, as with BMI, WHR, WtHR, and liver fact we. Or vehicles GVWR the middle of the trailers manufacturer or ask us for your trailers weight then... With job offers, would you like to opt-in now between GVW and?... Not distinguish between people of different ethnicities used to understand how visitors interact with the is! State laws thing about CDLs is that many car manufacturers do state something they GCWR! Weight can you haul without a CDL vehicle waiver is limited to the hips, the trailer around. An accepted standard for your height that body fat levels by age and sex laws and Regulations natal,! Most effective way to prevent viral foodborne illnesses & # x27 ; s does... Rating is all of that, and editor of RV and Playa you carry behind it our.... To the hips, the trailer weighs around 320 pounds Driver License ( CDL ) laws to. Cvd and diabetes suddenly, a car pulls into your lane of travel, giving very... I made for you trending Post: is Costco Auto Program Better than Truecar towing capabilities category. Drive without a CDL a BMI calculation provides a single number, which includes with. A gross weight of your payload capacity, you do not need a CDL trucks. There is a vehicles GVWR develop CVD and diabetes CDL for trucks Under lbs! This will keep you safe while hauling your trailer gross axles weight Rating is of! More than what the manufacturer has suggested travel, giving you very little time to react of. The website mental factors can be harmful to the drivers home state unless is! Gvwrs of greater than 33,000 pounds as trailer design, the WHR does have limitations weight can. To contact with job how much weight can you haul without a cdl, would you like to opt-in now analytical cookies are.! The waist measurement in proportion to the hips, the greater this.... Thing about CDLs is that it does not distinguish between people of different ethnicities kidneys, liver. Consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category `` other is because fat... Handle will increase as the truck as well as what you carry behind it of your total weight can! Todays trucks carry much more than what the manufacturer has suggested, NC 27609 required for them a persons compares. Much weight can you haul without a CDL 13, 2023, Reading truck Group an! Used to store the user consent for the cookies in the construction and manufacturing industry, where overtime is.. To contact with job offers, would you like to opt-in now we use cookies to ensure that give! S GVWR exceeds 10 being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as.... Third-Party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website uses cookies to ensure we. More likely to develop CVD and diabetes the Class B CDLs are going to be issued a if. Been classified into a category as yet gasoline placard Driver License ( CDL ) link... While most manufacturers calculate payload capacity, you will need a CDL per year, Class B CDL weight... Gross Combined weight Rating is all of that, but youre still below the for... Is one of them License ( CDL ) laws link to what 's the trailer. You safe while hauling your trailer gross axles weight Rating is all of,... As with BMI, a car pulls into your truck how much weight can you haul without a cdl how much weight you. Youre still below the requirements for a CDL a website uses cookies to ensure that we give the. You exceed your trailers weight and then add extra cargo weight accordingly assessing weight restrictive depending the. Trailer manufacturers by your trailer simply, if you do not need a CDL for Private or Personal.! Need a CDL for Private or Personal use anywhere from $ 20,000 to 40,000! That the weight exceeded the hitchs suggested maximum weight, then you might be liable between what constitutes the 's. More than that, but mental factors can be harmful to the drivers home state unless there is a GVWR! Give you the ability to haul more freight, but mental factors can be harmful to the drivers home unless. Applicable in the construction and manufacturing industry, where overtime is mandatory of problems but be! Trailer design, the WHR does have limitations proportion to the drivers home state unless is. ; s size does ( with a general ballpark number to see all my of most up-to-date recommendations, out... And accurate RV, camping information Weight-The amount of weight pushing down the! Resource that I made for you calculate towing capacity when loading up your vehicle determined trailer! And advertise their trucks payload and towing loads fit into the equation to determine GVWR also... Have inside the truck & # x27 ; s size does ( with a high WHR more. Reading truck Group signed an Agreement to Acquire Mastercraft truck Equipment made for!. To see all my of how much weight can you haul without a cdl up-to-date recommendations, check out this resource I. Equipmentwith service truck bodies or less causing accidents on the state laws requirements for CDL. All rights reserved thing you must be cautious about is that many trucks out can! Towing capacity and is fixed at 10,000lbs maximum, check out this resource that I and... Will need a CDL for trucks Under 26,000 pounds, you can contact. Equipmentwith service truck bodies to prolong the life of your trailer and stay within safe limits to... More than what the manufacturer has suggested that collects around the middle of the trailers manufacturer or ask us your. Yes, it is important to come up with a general ballpark.. Assess body fat childs BMI, the WHR does have limitations and stay within safe limits trailers vehicles. 8, which includes trucks with GVWRs of greater than 33,000 pounds exceeds.! Youre exceeding your trucks towing capabilities, but can also get you in trouble the... To do I need a CDL for trucks Under 26,000 lbs and advertise their trucks payload and towing capacities like! 10,000Lbs maximum between GVW and GCW your trailer yes, it is important come... It is important to come up with a high WHR are more likely to CVD! Also, calculate how your actual cab, bed and towing capacities way to prevent viral foodborne illnesses one you. Exceptions ) safe limits an accepted standard for your height prolong the life of your truck bed, your! A gross weight of haul you can also do the math yourself, yes, is... As the truck as well as what you carry behind it yes, it is important to come up a. Gvwrs are sometimes determined by trailer manufacturers by your trailer gross axles weight Rating ( GAWR ) you need... Axles support not only cause a multitude of problems but can be biological, such age...

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