[124] Eleftherias (Liberty) Square, where the Young Turks gathered at the outbreak of the revolution, is named after the event. Thessaloniki remains one of Greece's most important railway hubs and has the biggest marshalling yard in the country. The Italian Jews Allatini brothers led Jewish entrepreneurship, establishing milling and other food industries, brickmaking and processing plants for tobacco. [224], Foodstuff or drink companies headquartered in the city include the Macedonian Milk Industry (Mevgal), Allatini, Barbastathis, Hellenic Sugar Industry, Haitoglou Bros, Mythos Brewery, Malamatina, while the Goody's chain started from the city. " (Thessaloniki-Saloniki: The history of the name of the city), " " (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFVacalopoulos1973 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFNecipolu2009 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMagoulias1975 (. [267][270] The original structure featured three arches;[267] however, only two full arches and part of the third survive to this day. Titan Cement has also facilities outside the city, on the road to Serres,[223] such as the AGET Heracles, a member of the Lafarge group, and Alumil SA. [207] Overall, Thessaloniki accounts for 8.9% of the total economy of Greece. When Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime Minister at the time, was asked if the Greek army should move towards Thessaloniki or Monastir (now Bitola, Republic of North Macedonia), Venizelos replied " !" Thessaloniki became the largest centre in Europe of the Sephardic Jews, who nicknamed the city la madre de Israel (Israel's mother)[149] and "Jerusalem of the Balkans". [207] In Purchasing Power Parity, the same indicators are 19,851billion (2nd)[207] and 17,200 (15th) respectively. [97][98] Thessaloniki and Smyrna, although smaller in size than Constantinople, were the Ottoman Empire's most important trading hubs. More specifically, the programme will drastically change the physiognomy of the city[202] by relocating the Thessaloniki International Exhibition Centre and grounds of the Thessaloniki International Fair outside the city centre and turning the current location into a large metropolitan park,[203] redeveloping the coastal front of the city,[203] relocating the city's numerous military camps and using the grounds and facilities to create large parklands and cultural centres;[203] and the complete redevelopment of the harbour and the Lachanokipoi and Dendropotamos districts (behind and near the Port of Thessaloniki) into a commercial business district,[203] with possible highrise developments. [301] Thessaloniki's Ladadika borough is a particularly busy area in regards to Thessalonian cuisine, with most tavernas serving traditional meze and other such culinary delights.[301]. [91], In 1423, Despot Andronikos Palaiologos ceded it to the Republic of Venice with the hope that it could be protected from the Ottomans who were besieging the city. Before the economic crisis of 2009, there were various proposals for new tram lines. To tackle this problem, the government has introduced large scale redevelopment plans throughout 2011[337] with tenders expected to be announced within early 2012;[337] that include the total restructuring of the A16 in the western side of the city, with new junctions and new emergency lanes throughout the whole length of the motorway. [41] The following year, the Edict of Thessalonica made Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire. "[109] It would take until the end of the century for the city's Greek community to recover. GDP of the Thessaloniki regional unit 20002011, From classical antiquity to the Roman Empire, Other districts of Thessaloniki Municipality, Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments (UNESCO), Thessaloniki is an urban area defined in 1985 through Law 1561/1985. This means four lane roads across the city center, creative parking and so on. In the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Greece was represented by Koza Mostra and Agathonas Iakovidis, both from Thessaloniki. The Ministry of Macedonia and Thrace is also based in Thessaloniki, since the city is the de facto capital of the Greek region of Macedonia. Thessaloniki's urban area spreads over 30 kilometres (19mi) from Oraiokastro in the north to Thermi in the south in the direction of Chalkidiki. The municipalities that are included in the Thessaloniki Urban Area are those of Thessaloniki (the city centre and largest in population size), Kalamaria, Neapoli-Sykies, Pavlos Melas, Kordelio-Evosmos, Ampelokipoi-Menemeni, and the municipal units of Pylaia and Panorama, part of the municipality of Pylaia-Chortiatis. [172] The record minimum temperature in Thessaloniki was 14C (7F). The sea breeze can be enjoyed not only in the city but also around it. [185], The expansion of Eleftherias Square towards the sea completed the new commercial hub of the city and at the time was considered one of the most vibrant squares of the city. [32][33] The name is often abbreviated as /. The New Thessaloniki railway station is located on Monastiriou street. [266] The forum complex also boasts two Roman baths,[268] one of which has been excavated while the other is buried underneath the city. Tram was the main, oldest and most popular public urban mean of Thessalonians in the past. There is also an Armenian cemetery and an Armenian church at the centre of the city. [291] Perea Beach is about 25 km away and has several restaurants. This angered Sultan Bayezid I, who laid waste to the remaining Byzantine territories, and then turned on Chrysopolis, which was captured by storm and largely destroyed. [267] Various mosaics from the palatial complex have also survived. [202] The ministry has said that the project will take an estimated 15 years to be completed, in 2025. [97], The service sector accounts for nearly two-thirds of the total labour force of Thessaloniki. Although Thessaloniki is most well-known for its nightlife and sightseeing, there are a few nice beach spots in the area. (Antonios Thavoris), " . By about 1985, the most common single name became Thessaloniki. [13] Thessaloniki was the 2014 European Youth Capital. [125] Turkey's first president Mustafa Kemal Atatrk, who was born and raised in Thessaloniki, was a member of the Young Turks in his soldier days and also partook in the Young Turk Revolution. In the early 20th century, Thessaloniki was in the centre of radical activities by various groups; the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, founded in 1897,[119] and the Greek Macedonian Committee, founded in 1903. This has been the reason that they have never been numbered as a separate community, but sometimes they were numbered as Muslims and sometimes as Christians, then sometimes as Turkish and sometimes as Greek. Description: Anavissos is a relaxing beach resort south of Athens, close to Cape Sounion. About an hour's drive from Thessaloniki, you will find the region of Halkidiki with its magnificent sandy beaches. This geographical choice was attributed to the higher level of Ano Poli, which was convenient to control the rest of the population remotely, and the microclimate of the area, which favoured better living conditions in terms of hygiene compared to the areas of the centre. [6][7] It is also known in Greek as (i Symprotvousa), literally "the co-capital",[8] a reference to its historical status as the (Symvasilvousa) or "co-reigning" city of the Byzantine Empire alongside Constantinople. [168][169], Thessaloniki's climate is transitional, lying on the periphery of multiple climate zones. [139] Two churches and many synagogues and mosques were lost. [206], Thessaloniki rose to economic prominence as a major economic hub in the Balkans during the years of the Roman Empire. Toumba was named after the homonymous hill of Toumba, where extensive archaeological research takes place. Benefactor Ioannis Papafis, architect Lysandros Kaftanzoglou and writers, such as Grigorios Zalykis, Manolis Anagnostakis, Kleitos Kyrou, Albertos Nar, Elias Petropoulos, Kostis Moskof, Rena Molho and Dinos Christianopoulos are also from Thessaloniki. 148149. The church of Hagios Demetrios burned down during the Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917, as did many other city monuments, but it was rebuilt. [231] It also included the historically significant and ancient Greek-speaking Romaniote community. II, the Greek Accounts, Unipress, Padova, 2002 and 2006 (the latter work contains English translations of accounts of the events of this period by St. Matthieu Ghilardi, Dynamiques spatiales et reconstitutions palogographiques de la plaine de Thessalonique (Grce) l'Holocne rcent, 2007. The White Tower is another vista spot that will take your breath away, literally! It is also notable for its rock music scene and its many rock groups; some became famous such as Xylina Spathia, Trypes or the pop rock group Onirama. [207] Between 1995 and 2008 Thessaloniki's GDP saw an average growth rate of 4.1% per annum (ranging from +14.5% in 1996 to 11.1% in 2005) while in 2011 the economy contracted by 7.8%.[207]. Such modernists introduced also new techniques and ideas from the industrialised Western Europe and from the 1880s the city began to industrialize. [112], The last few decades of Ottoman control over the city were an era of revival, particularly in terms of the city's infrastructure. Location: 52 km south east of Athens. Many Athenians have summer houses in the region and the region is well developed in tourism. The western end of the route begins at the junction with the A1/A2 motorways in Lachanagora District. [190], The city also has a number of important art galleries. It was at that time that the Ottoman administration of the city acquired an "official" face with the creation of the Government House[113] while a number of new public buildings were built in the eclectic style in order to project the European face both of Thessaloniki and the Ottoman Empire. [283] The "DMC DJ Championship" has been hosted at the International Trade Fair of Thessaloniki, has become a worldwide event for aspiring DJs and turntablists. [172] Maximum temperatures usually rise above 30C (86F),[172] but they rarely exceed 40C (104F);[172] while the average number of days the temperature is above 32C (90F) is 32. [172], Thessaloniki's summers are hot and quite dry. [97], During the Ottoman period, the city's population of Ottoman Muslims (including those of Turkish origin, as well as Albanian Muslim, Bulgarian Muslim, especially the Pomaks and Greek Muslim of convert origin) and Muslim Roma like the Sepeides Romani grew substantially. [294] From 1982 to 1993 Aris B.C. During the nesting season, which lasts from late May to August, you can observe sea turtles in their natural habitat during the daytime. Thessaloniki was also home to a military camp-converted-concentration camp, known in German as "Konzentrationslager Pavlo Mela" (Pavlos Melas Concentration Camp),[157] where members of the resistance and other anti-fascists[157] were held either to be killed or sent to other concentration camps. [173] On average, Thessaloniki experiences frost (sub-zero temperature) 32 days a year, though that's less common near the city centre. Additionally many of the city's Muslims, including Ottoman Greek Muslims, were deported to Turkey, ranging at about 20,000 people. Their main district was what is known today as the "Frankish district" (near Ladadika), where the Catholic church designed by Vitaliano Poselli is also situated. The incumbent mayor is Konstantinos Zervas. International and domestic air traffic to and from the city is served by Thessaloniki Airport "Makedonia". The Young Turks started out as an underground movement, until finally in 1908, they started the Young Turk Revolution from the city of Thessaloniki, which lead to of them gaining control over the Ottoman Empire and put an end to the Ottoman sultans power. View on map. In 1224, the Kingdom of Thessalonica was overrun by the Despotate of Epirus, a remnant of the former Byzantine Empire, under Theodore Komnenos Doukas who crowned himself Emperor,[72] and the city became the capital of the short-lived Empire of Thessalonica. [184] The table below summarizes the results of the latest elections. ct intro final View All Trips Here are the Thessaloniki beaches that have been awarded the Blue Flag in 2020: Agia Triada / PIKPA, Michaniona-Tourmpali, Nei Epivates, Peraia-Kochyli and Potamos (information source here ). The municipality of Thessaloniki, the historical centre, had a population of 319,045 in 2021,[4] while the Thessaloniki metropolitan area had 1,091,424 inhabitants in 2021. The need for commercial and public buildings in this new era of prosperity led to the construction of large edifices in the city centre. Northwestern Thessaloniki is home to Moni Lazariston, located in Stavroupoli, which today forms one of the most important cultural centres for the city, including MOMusMuseum of Modern ArtCostakis Collection and two theatres of the National Theatre of Northern Greece. The service is operated using Siemens Desiro EMU trains on a modernised electrified double track and stops at 11 refurbished stations, covering the journey in 1 hour and 33 minutes. Well-Organized, Windsurfing, Diving Club, Family Friendly, Sandy. Services typically depart every thirty minutes in the summer months and the journey takes 25 minutes. [200] During that time, the city saw the creation of more notable Christian churches that are now part of Thessaloniki's UNESCO World Heritage Site, such as the Church of Saint Catherine, the Hagia Sophia of Thessaloniki, the Church of the Acheiropoietos, the Church of Panagia Chalkeon. Under the kingdom of Macedonia the city retained its own autonomy and parliament[38] and evolved to become the most important city in Macedonia. Thessaloniki is known for its many festivals and celebrations throughout the year. [213], The city's port, the Port of Thessaloniki, is one of the largest ports in the Aegean and as a free port, it functions as a major gateway to the Balkan hinterland. Thessaloniki is renowned for its major shopping streets and lively laneways. They deported and exterminated approximately 96% of Thessaloniki's Jews of all ages during the Holocaust. Rosamond McKitterick, Christopher Allmand, 100+1 Years of Greece, Volume I, Maniateas Publishings, Athens, 1995. pp. [258] The museum of the White Tower of Thessaloniki houses a series of galleries relating to the city's past, from the creation of the White Tower until recent years.[259]. Since these providers may collect personal data like your IP address we allow you to block them here. [320][321] Line 1 is 9.5 kilometres (5.9mi) long and stops at 13 stations, while Line 2 is 4.8 kilometres (3.0mi) long and stops at a further five stations, while also calling at 11 of the Line 1 stations. Visit Thessaloniki: the 12 Must-See attractions. In 1943, the Nazis began brutal actions against the historic Jewish population in Thessaloniki, forcing them into a ghetto near the railroad lines and beginning deportation to concentration and labor camps. ), while other main stadiums of the city include the football Toumba Stadium and Kleanthis Vikelidis Stadium home grounds of PAOK FC and Aris F.C., respectively, all of whom are founding members of the Greek league. World War II brought a disaster for the Jewish Greeks, since in 1941 the Germans occupied Greece and began actions against the Jewish population. [92], When Sultan Murad II captured Thessaloniki and sacked it in 1430,[93] contemporary reports estimated that about one-fifth of the city's population was enslaved. [129] On 18 March 1913 George I of Greece was assassinated in the city by Alexandros Schinas. Aristotle University was founded in 1926 and is currently the largest university in Greece[15] by number of students, which number at more than 80,000 in 2010,[15] and is a member of the Utrecht Network. Click to enable/disable Google reCaptcha. It is the favourite area of Thessaloniki's poets, intellectuals and bohemians. [191][192], Other districts of the wider urban area of Thessaloniki are Ampelokipi, Eleftherio Kordelio, Menemeni, Evosmos, Ilioupoli, Stavroupoli, Nikopoli, Neapoli, Polichni, Paeglos, Meteora, Agios Pavlos, Kalamaria, Pylaia and the Sykies. [203] Furthermore, the program includes plans to expand the jurisdiction of Seich Sou Forest National Park[202] and the improvement of accessibility to and from the Old Town. [299] Does Thessaloniki have a beach? Most visitors are German, Austrian and British. [9], Thessaloniki is located on the Thermaic Gulf, at the northwest corner of the Aegean Sea. Daily through trains to Sofia and Belgrade were restarted in May 2014 but stopped again for COVID-19. Greece Once you are in Greece, make sure you have these beaches on your list. new promenade), with a modern and vibrant design. [148][149][150] Most were immediately murdered in the gas chambers. ! The Incantadas in particular are on display at the Louvre. Ano Poli (also called Old Town and literally the Upper Town) is the heritage listed district north of Thessaloniki's city centre that was not engulfed by the great fire of 1917 and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site by ministerial actions of Melina Merkouri, during the 1980s. Is there a nice beach in Thessaloniki? [96] However, the change of sovereignty from the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman one did not affect the city's prestige as a major imperial city and trading hub. It was in operation from 1893 to 1957, when it was disestablished by the government of Konstantinos Karamanlis. [174] The coldest month of the year in downtown Thessaloniki is January, with an average 24-hour temperature of 8C (46F). Mustafa Kemal Atatrk, founder of the modern republic of Turkey, was born in Thessaloniki (then known as Selnik in Ottoman Turkish) in 1881. The arch was built to commemorate the emperor's campaigns against the Persians. [112] It destroyed the city's historic centre and a large part of its architectural heritage, but paved the way for modern development featuring wider diagonal avenues and monumental squares.[112][186]. From the second half of the 19th century with the Ottoman reforms, the Jewish community had a new revival. Preliminary plans have been announced which include a 4.5km (3mi) bridge over the gulf, as part of the southern bypass of the city; to cater for the large number of travellers from Macedonia and the rest of Greece heading to the airport, and to the increasingly popular tourist region of Chalkidiki.[339]. In the Hellenic Parliament, the Thessaloniki urban area constitutes a 16-seat constituency. [314], Thessaloniki Urban Transport Organization (OASTH) operates buses as the only form of public transport in Thessaloniki. The Pax Romana and the city's strategic position allowed for the facilitation of trade between Rome and Byzantium (later Constantinople and now Istanbul) through Thessaloniki by means of the Via Egnatia. The following cookies are also needed - You can choose if you want to allow them: You can read about our cookies and privacy settings in detail on our Privacy Policy Page. If you do not want that we track your visit to our site you can disable tracking in your browser here: We also use different external services like Google Webfonts, Google Maps, and external Video providers. The city layout changed after 1870, when the seaside fortifications gave way to extensive piers, and many of the oldest walls of the city were demolished, including those surrounding the White Tower, which today stands as the main landmark of the city. [272][273] Ancient Thessaloniki's Decumanus Maximus was also found and 75 metres (246ft) of the marble-paved and column-lined road were unearthed along with shops, other buildings, and plumbing, prompting one scholar to describe the discovery as "the Byzantine Pompeii". All buses are run by OASTH. During the 1930s and 1940s, the city became a centre of the Rebetiko music, partly because of the Metaxas censorship, which was stricter in Athens. The city was founded in 315BC by Cassander of Macedon, who named it after his wife Thessalonike, daughter of Philip II of Macedon and sister of Alexander the Great. They could not wait for the government to create a new urban plan for rebuilding, which was eventually done.[234]. 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