This indicates that the scale has good reliability and validity. Additionally, the inadequacy of subjects' understanding of the definition of research variables has a certain impact on the research results. 50, 138155. Deep learning involves the brain's deep processing and understanding of knowledge, as well as the individual's subjective willingness to learn (Esteban-Guitart and Gee, 2020). Rev. Pilot test (n = 40) assessed the validity and reliability of the scale, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) indicated a good model fit; 2/df = 4.892; RMSEA = 0.046; CFI = 0.949; TLI = 0.941; IFI = 0.950; RFI = 0.927; SRMR = 0.0342, standardized factor load range from 0.43 to 0.72, Cronbach's alpha indicated a high internal consistency of the Scale (=0.936), KMO = 0.969. Students' self-efficacy was also influenced by relationships with others (Laird et al., 2018). (2019). Adv. Adv. Autonomy support in the classroom: a review from self-determination theory. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help doi: 10.1080/09500693.2016.1198060, Slvik, R. M., and Glenna, A. E. H. (2021). To test the mediating effect of self-efficacy on perceiving the autonomy support of teachers and deep learning of college students, we used Model 4 of the PROCESS Macro (Hayes and Scharkow, 2013) to estimate the three parameters. doi: 10.1387/revpsicodidact.14280, Papinczak, T. (2009). Identifying configurations of perceived teacher autonomy support and structure: Associations with self-regulated learning, motivation and problem behavior. Replicability analyses of scores on the TWA cross validation and validity generalizationwere conducted and results reported in two studies. 3.2.5 Autonomy. Peer relationships and social competence during early and middle childhood. J. Adol. Special issues examine major education concerns in-depth. Therefore, through the data analysis, the hypotheses were confirmed as show in Figure 3. There is no research that explores the relationship between students' perceived teacher autonomy, perceived peer support, self-efficacy and deep learning. 20, 3967. Supporting autonomy in the classroom: Ways teachers encourage student decision-making and ownership. The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, and Bullying. For example: I can synthesize and organize ideas, information, or experience to form new and more complex explanations and relationships; I can analyze the basic elements of ideas, experiences, or theories, such as an in-depth study of a specific topic and considering its components. Apoyo social de familia, profesorado y amigos, ajuste escolar y bienestar subjetivo en adolescentes peruanos. B. Lent R. W., Brown S. D., Larkin K. C. (1986). doi: 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2012.04.002, Warburton, K. (2003). The Journal of Educational Research Interpersonal relationships, motivation, engagement, and achievement: Yields for theory, current issues, and educational practice. Counsel. Previous studies have proved that the perception of teacher autonomy support has a positive effect on self-efficacy, and teachers' provision of varying degrees of autonomy support can have an impact on students' learning process and results (Reeve et al., 2004b; Jang et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2015; Hospel and Galand, 2016; Sun, 2016; Zhang et al., 2018; Martin and Collie, 2019). Soc. Academic underachievement, self-esteem and self-efficacy in decision making. A reputation for success (or failure): The association of peer academic reputations with academic self-concept, effort, and performance across the upper elementary grades. Data Eng. Curr. Lastly, the study sample was selected from one school, and the conclusions may be over-generation. The descriptive statistical results are shown in Table 1. Int. Table 3. We carried out that study at a normal provincial undergraduate university in Guizhou, China. Vitality and interestenjoyment as a function of class-to-class variation in need-supportive teaching and pupils' autonomous motivation, Achievement motivation in adolescents: the role of peer climate and best friends, Autonomy support in the classroom: a review from self-determination theory, The mediating effect of intrinsic motivation to learn on the relationship between student's autonomy support and vitality and deep learning. It is noted that the current research result confirmed that perceived peer support can moderate the relationship between perceived teacher autonomy support and self-efficacy. Having friends, keeping friends, making friends, and being liked by peers in the classroom: predictors of children's early school adjustment? Deci, E. L., and Ryan, R. M. (1995). This study obtained the students' informed consent. Teach. New York, NY: Plenum. The descriptive statistical results are shown in Table 1. Adolescents' Relationships With Peers. The average age of the participants was 21 years (SD = 1.34). Moreover, perceived peer support could moderate the effect of perceived teacher autonomy on self-efficacy which broaden the research meaningful about the perceived peer support and self-efficacy relationship, thereby, the current research result indicated that relatedness psychological needs can have an impact on competence psychological needs (Oriol-Granado et al., 2017; Patall et al., 2018; Hall, 2019), and furthermore, among three basic psychological needs, autonomy and competence both have a significant effect on deep learning, and relatedness can moderate the effect of autonomy on competence needs. Creating an engaged workforce. The study by Bassi et al. Int. (2007) and others explored the relationship between academic self-efficacy and deep learning, proved that if students have a lower academic self-efficacy, they will have a lower interest in learning and their learning style will be relatively shallow. Child Dev. Testing the mediation effect of perceived teacher autonomy support and students' deep learning. Teacher autonomy supportive behaviours influence formation of students' beliefs about ability, subjective value and learning-related boredom in physics. Cronbach's alpha indicated a high internal consistency of the scale (=0.730), KMO = 0.781. The researchers informed subjects were anonymous, and all subjects were willing to participate, and that they could withdraw from the study at any time. 41, 110. van Rooij E. C. M., Jansen E. P. W. A., van de Grift W. J. C. M. (2017). Figure 2. The purpose of this research is to test the mediation effect of self-efficacy on college student's perception of teacher autonomy support and students' deep learning, and whether the peer support perceived by students can moderate the relationship between perceived teacher autonomy support and deep learning. Sch. Testing the moderated mediation effect of perceived teacher autonomy support and student deep learning. doi: 10.3102/0034654308325583, Marton, F., and Slj, R. (1976). Teachers' potential to promote students deeper learning in whole-class teaching: An observation study in Norwegian classrooms. Reeve, J., Jang, H., Carrell, D., Jeon, S., and Barch, J. (2014). Enhancing students' engagement by increasing teachers' autonomy support. 28, 147169. doi: 10.1023/B:MOEM.0000032312.95499.6f, Ruiz-Alfonso, Z., Len, J., Santana-Vega, L. E., and Gonzlez, C. (2021). Cronbach's alpha indicated a high internal consistency of the scale (=0.730), KMO = 0.781. (2014). Approaches to learning, in The Experience of Learning, eds F. Marton, D. Hounsell, and N. Entwistle (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press), 3958. Each column is a regression model that predicts the criterion at the top of the column. Psych. Each item uses a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (complete non-conformance) to 5 (complete conformance). The items were: ''In my daily teaching I am free to choose teaching methods and . Autonomy was in this study limited to the actual teaching and to working with the students. Manual for the use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ), in From the National Center for Research to Improve Postsecondary Teaching and Learning Project on Instructional Processes and Education Outcomes (Ann Arbor, MI: The Regents of The University of Michigan Press). The results of the replication of the earlier study of the TAS supported the internal consistency reliability of the scores and the original factors of general teaching autonomy and curriculum autonomy. Higher education is the principal force for cultivating talents in need of social development. doi: 10.1016/B978-012109890-2/50043-3. (2016). 80:125. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.125, Bassi, M., Steca, P., Delle Fave, A., and Caprara, G. V. (2007). In contrast, shallow learning refers to students who use mechanical memorization of learning materials to satisfy basic course requirements (Marton and Slj, 1976). Internet self-efficacy, self-regulation, and student performance: African-American adult students in online learning. (1997). Buckingham-Hatfield, S. (1996). A simple slope analysis shows that for the perceived peer support with a higher level, the high level of perceived teacher autonomy support is significantly related to the high level of student self-efficacy (simple = 0.71, P < 0.001). Kuo, Y. C., Tseng, H., and Kuo, Y. T. (2020). and transmitted securely. For low-level perceived peer support, low-level students' perceived teacher emotional support is significantly related to low-level students' self-efficacy (simple = 0.64, P < 0.001), and therefore support H3. The revised two-factor study process questionnaire: R-SPQ-2F. Psych. Psych. (2003). Autonomy has been confirmed to. Pilot test (n = 40) assessed the validity and reliability of the scale, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) indicated a good model fit, 2/df = 2.161; RMSEA = 0.025; CFI = 0.998; TLI = 0.995; IFI = 0.998; RFI = 0.990; SRMR = 0.104. The teacher actively understands the students' learning situation and ideas, gives full freedom and support in the selection of learning content, methods of solving problems, and minimizes the use of force and demanding methods in teaching (Deci and Ryan, 1985; Stefanou et al., 2004; Lam et al., 2009; Jang et al., 2010; Su and Reeve, 2011), these behaviors satisfy students' needs for competency and sense of belonging, and their psychological needs are met, which is conducive to the development of self-efficacy (Bandura et al., 2001). Psych. Introduction If students feel a higher degree of autonomy support from teachers, they feel more external support (Fredricks et al., 2016), and satisfaction of psychological needs will lead to more interest in learning, initiative and a higher sense of self-efficacy (Hardre and Reeve, 2003; Chai et al., 2011; Cooper, 2014). Learn. Moreover, the result demonstrated that perceived autonomy support can significantly predict deep learning. Investigating the impact of self-efficacy and learning motives on chinese undergraduates' use of deep language learning strategies, https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/181355/. Measuring university teachers' teaching quality: a Rasch modelling approach, Engaging students in learning activities: It is not autonomy support or structure but autonomy support and structure, Teachers' autonomy support, autonomy suppression and conditional negative regard as predictors of optimal learning experience among high-achieving Bedouin students, Will the real peer group please stand up? Positive emotions, autonomy support and academic performance of university students: the mediating role of academic engagement and self-efficacy, Are deep strategic learners better suited to PBL? Commun. Therefore, the data collected from the research objects can represent the validity of the research finding. 46, 411. In this process, students' feeling the level of support is especially crucial for students' academics (Hofmann and Mller, 2018). doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2015.08.017, Li, W., Gao, W., and Sha, J. Interaction effect of perceived peer support and perceived teacher autonomy support on the self-efficacy. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Students have a higher sense of self-efficacy and will set a self-learning goal, and when students encounter academic difficulties, they will use a more active academic attitude to deal with academic challenges, actively seek solutions to problems, and actively seek solutions to problems in students, and maintain their learning status for a long time, and thereby when students run thinking and processing knowledge systems, deep learning will also produce (Chai et al., 2011; Cooper, 2014; Gutirrez et al., 2021). Bassi M., Steca P., Delle Fave A., Caprara G. V. (2007). Front. (2016). Implications and suggestions for further research are also discussed in this paper. 51, 363402. Learning with deep or shallow learning methods is the result of the interaction between the student and the situation (Struyven et al., 2006). Pilot test (n = 40) assessed the validity and reliability of the scale. A. In Model 2, perceived teacher autonomy has a significant impact on college students' sense of self-efficacy ( = 0.56, P < 0.001). First of all, the current research is conducive to a deeper understanding of the mechanism of the perceived influence of teacher autonomy support on deep learning of college students. Appr. The behaviors supported by teachers' autonomy support include: providing the meaning of learning content, clarifying students' self-perception, using autonomy language, providing voluntary choices and cultivating students' internal incentive mechanism (Nez and Len, 2016). The coach-athlete relationship: a motivational model. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2018.06.004, Fredricks, J. doi: 10.1007/s40299-020-00516-y. In the whole learning process, students' learning style is improved (Slvik and Glenna, 2021). Wentzel, K. R., Battle, A., Russell, S. L., and Looney, L. B. 110:269. doi: 10.1037/edu0000214, Pekrun, R., and Linnenbrink-Garcia, L. (2012). Zhang D. H., Fu D. M., Liu H. Y., Liu L. M. (2018). They believed that deep learning is a learning method based on cognitive understanding and application and it's the primary strategy for students to meaningfully learn and understand from course materials and learning experiences (Marton and Slj, 1976). Teachers' curriculum . Self-determination theory claims that self-determination experience is a core element of human motivation, goal pursuit, expressiveness, and perseverance (Deci and Ryan, 2000) and it asserts that human beings have three psychological needs: autonomy, relatedness, and competence, and when these three psychological needs are satisfied, creativity, motivation, and performance will flourish (Deci and Ryan, 2012). Teachers provide autonomy support to their students by providing them with choices, fostering their understanding and interest about the learning subjects, and encouraging them to think independently and critically ( Assor et al., 2002 ). Teacher autonomy and collaboration as part of integrative teaching - Reflections on the curriculum approach in Finland Janni Haapaniemi , Salla Venlinen , Anne Malin & Pivi Palojoki Pages 546-562 | Published online: 01 May 2020 Download citation https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2020.1759145 In this article Full Article Figures & data References Participants completed an online questionnaire, and well-trained teachers performed the data collection process. The average age of the participants was 21 years (SD = 1.34). Res. 61, 10811100. Zhang, Y., and Yang, Q. Sci. The confirmed moderated mediation model. (2012). The mediating effect of intrinsic motivation to learn on the relationship between student's autonomy support and vitality and deep learning. Psych. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12308, Patall, E. A., Steingut, R. R., Vasquez, A. C., Trimble, S. S., Pituch, K. A., and Freeman, J. L. (2018). doi: 10.5093/psed2020a18, Ryan, A. M. (2001). Change. (2016). doi: 10.2307/1130877, Ladd, G. W. (1999). Mediating effect accounted for 31.81% of the total effect. arXiv:1707.08114v3. Shallow learning is the minimum effort for learning tasks and the acquisition of short-term memory of knowledge, while deep learning is the main strategy for the greatest investment in learning tasks and meaningful learning and understanding from course materials and learning experiences (Marton and Slj, 1976). J. Educat. Secondly, through the survey, college teachers understand more about the current status of deep learning of students, and how to promote deep learning of students, increasing autonomy support of teachers, and contributing to the development of students' higher-order thinking ability (Marshik et al., 2017). Individual Differ. Indiv. According to social cognition theory, the support of others, such as emotional encouragement, material help, and supportive information, which are individual feels, can enhance the individual's sense of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1997). (2017). (1987). Child Dev. Child Dev. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7. Manual for the use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ), From the National Center for Research to Improve Postsecondary Teaching and Learning Project on Instructional Processes and Education Outcomes, Effects of academic departments on students' approaches to studying, Why teachers adopt a controlling motivating style toward students and how they can become more autonomy supportive. 8:8. doi: 10.1186/s40594-021-00272-5, Elborolosy, S. A. M., and Al Thenyan, A. Teach. 36, 301312. Bandura, A., Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Pastorelli, C., and Regalia, C. (2001). Stratified sampling is adopted for the research objects, and the research objects are selected in different grades and majors. Perceived teacher autonomy support and school engagement of tibetan students in elementary and middle schools: mediating effect of self-efficacy and academic emotions. Psych. Deep learning and education for sustainability. Understanding the role of epistemological beliefs in post-graduate studies: motivation and conceptions of learning in first-year law students (Doctoral dissertation), The University of Texas, Austin, TX. Brown, B. Measuring autonomy support in university students: the Spanish version of the learning climate questionnaire. In this study, we have established a moderated mediation model to investigate the following hypotheses (Figure 1). Achievement motivation in adolescents: the role of peer climate and best friends. Self-efficacy is an individual's judgment and evaluation of the degree of completion before completing a specific task, and the degree of mastery of its ability to achieve goals (Bandura, 1997). The proposed moderated mediation model. In this atmosphere of autonomy support by teachers, students cannot feel compulsive teaching methods, their voluntary learning behaviors are encouraged, and follow their way to complete learning tasks (Ryan and Deci, 2004). Stratified sampling is adopted for the research objects, and the research objects are selected in different grades and majors. Educ. (2011). Interaction effect of perceived peer support and perceived teacher autonomy support on the self-efficacy. Relations between perceived teacher's autonomy support, cognitive appraisals and boredom in physics learning among lower secondary school students. Environ. More and more scholars are paying attention to let students learn from shallow learning to deep learning (Slvik and Glenna, 2021). Students who feel more self-supported by teachers are not only willing to complete the learning tasks assigned by the teachers independently, but also willing to accept more challenging learning tasks to prove themselves, thereby learning more knowledge and skills (Martin and Dowson, 2009). H1: perceived teacher autonomy support has a significant predictive effect on students' deep learning; H2: self-efficacy can be a mediator between perceived teacher autonomy support and deep learning; H3: perceived peer support can be a moderator between the perceived teacher autonomy support and self-efficacy. Descripetive statistics and correlation among variables. (2021). (2020). 21, 195212. Soc. Therefore, further experiments and longitudinal studies are needed to verify the research results. Furthermore, even though we control for potential confounding factors (gender, major, grade), there are still other confounding variables, such as general teacher emotional support that we cannot control. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated a good model fit, 2/df = 1.226; RMSEA = 0.011; CFI = 0.999; TLI = 0.997; IFI = 0.986; RFI = 0.966; SRMR = 0.039. The students with high academic self-efficacy are more interested in learning and are more willing to spend time and energy on learning (Ardura and Galn, 2019). Age and gender differences in children's self- and task perceptions during elementary school. Deep learning requires students to have intrinsic motivation for learning, and students with high academic self-efficacy are also one of the manifestations of high intrinsic motivation of students (Bandura, 1997; Marton and Saljo, 1997), and Oriol-Granado et al. Teaching style and academic achievement: the mediating role of Learned Helplessness and Mastery Orientation. Therefore, H1 is supported. In other words, when teachers provide students with a relaxed, free, and autonomous learning environment, then students show higher academic confidence to achieve academic goals, and more confidence to solve problems encountered when encountering academic difficulties (Martin and Dowson, 2009; Geitz et al., 2016). Before J. Sci. Strengthening dialogic peer feedback aiming for deep learning in SPOCs. 72, 218232. Identifying configurations of perceived teacher autonomy support and structure: Associations with self-regulated learning, motivation and problem behavior, Deep learning and education for sustainability, Peer relationships, motivation, and academic performance at school. (2021). (2009). H3 proposed that the peer support perceived by college students moderated the relationship between the teacher's autonomy support and self-efficacy. doi: 10.1207/s15326985ep3902_2, Struyven, K., Dochy, F., Janssens, S., and Gielen, S. (2006). Int. doi: 10.1007/s10459-008-9115-5, Parker, P. D., Ciarrochi, J., Heaven, P., Marshall, S., Sahdra, B., and Kiuru, N. (2015). The .gov means its official. Two un-informed personnel are trained to be observers at the same time. Is There an Expectancy Value Effect? Moreover, in the process of student development, peers are irreplaceable and indispensable, and peers play a vital role in the development of individuals (Hartup, 1982; Wentzel, 2005; Scholte and van Aken, 2006; Martin and Dowson, 2009; Parker et al., 2015). Competence is a principle component of the motivational process of achievement, goal formation, approaching success and avoiding failure, and the self-efficacy variable in the current research are mainly proposed based on this psychological need (Nez and Len, 2015). Therefore, the data collected from the research objects can represent the validity of the research finding. Spanish J. Psych. The teacher actively understands the students' learning situation and ideas, gives full freedom and support in the selection of learning content, methods of solving problems, and minimizes the use of force and demanding methods in teaching (Deci and Ryan, 1985; Stefanou et al., 2004; Lam et al., 2009; Jang et al., 2010; Su and Reeve, 2011), these behaviors satisfy students' needs for competency and sense of belonging, and their psychological needs are met, which is conducive to the development of self-efficacy (Bandura et al., 2001). Psychol. (2004b). Fredricks J. Teaching quality: an explanatory model of learning in Secondary Education. Previous studies have demonstrated that self-efficacy has a good positive predictive effect on students' deep learning style (Kuo et al., 2020). Psychol. In the context of teachers' autonomy support, students take the initiative to discover, explore and solve problems utilizing autonomy inquiry and peer cooperative learning. Replicability analyses of scores on the TWA cross validation and validity. doi: 10.1080/13596748.2017.1381301, Vansteenkiste, M., Sierens, E., Goossens, L., Soenens, B., Dochy, F., Mouratidis, A., et al. The students' subjects include science (29.7%), liberal arts (42.03%), engineering (9.80%), art (13.05%), and others (5.42%). Strengthening dialogic peer feedback aiming for deep learning in SPOCs. Currently, teachers' autonomy support is widely regarded as one of the crucial exogenous factors in the research literature on the influencing factors of college students' deep learning (Kaplan, 2018), and teachers' autonomy support means that students get emotional identification from teachers and feel their support and encouragement for their autonomy decision and free choice (Ryan et al., 2014). Educat. It is an interdisciplinary study of neuroscience, psychology and pedagogy, and students with deep learning ability meet the educational requirements of system thinking and interdisciplinary sustainable development (Buckingham-Hatfield, 1996; Warburton, 2003), and the requirements for improving students' deep learning ability also meet the requirements of higher education for the quality of talent training (Filius et al., 2018). Improving flunked english majors performance through enhancing students' perception of self-efficacy and outcome expectancy at shaqra university. Specifically, teacher autonomy support is manifested in three aspects: organizational autonomy support which is mainly the comfort and happiness of the classroom environment, and program autonomy support which is mainly encouraging students to actively participate in classroom activities, and cognitive autonomy support which is mainly to encourage students to think about the content of learning at a deeper level and to have more lasting psychological engagement (Stefanou et al., 2004). Marshik T., Ashton P. T., Algina J. doi: 10.1007/s10833-021-09420-8, Stefanou, C. R., Perencevich, K. C., DiCintio, M., and Turner, J. C. (2004). According to self-determination theory, autonomy needs are defined as control over processes and outcomes and strong intrinsic motivation, and the variables of perceived teacher autonomy support in the current study are proposed based on this psychological need (Deci and Ryan, 2000). Teachers' student-specific self-efficacy in relation to teacher and student variables. Students' academic performance in a learning environment that encourages autonomy discovery is better than their performance in a high anxiety environment (Ramsden and Entwistle, 1981). Learn. At the same time (Harter et al., 1996; Hamm and Faircloth, 2005; Wentzel et al., 2010), also believe that peer support will affect students' motivational beliefs and emotional experience. According to self-determination theory (Ryan and Deci, 2000a), the key to students' learning motivation lies in satisfying three basic psychological needs, namely, competency needs, belonging needs and autonomous needs (Ryan and Deci, 2000a). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of intervention programs designed to support autonomy. For 100 years, the journal has contributed to the advancement of educational practice in elementary and secondary schools by judicious study of the latest trends, examination of new procedures, evaluation of traditional practices, and replication of previous research. One thousand eight hundred undergraduates (female = 1,300; male = 500) completed our study. The study was approved by the Academic Research Committee of the author's university. Oriol-Granado et al. Currently, teachers' autonomy support is widely regarded as one of the crucial exogenous factors in the research literature on the influencing factors of college students' deep learning ( Kaplan, 2018 ), and teachers' autonomy support means that students get emotional identification from teachers and feel their support and encouragement for thei. Zhang, Y., Jiang, Y., Wan, Z. H., and Guo, J. J. The authors verified the existing 2-factor structure of the Teaching Autonomy Scale (TAS) derived from a previous study (Pearson & Hall, 1993) and analyzed the data with confirmatory factor . Educ. Psych. Bandura A., Caprara G. V., Barbaranelli C., Pastorelli C., Regalia C. (2001). The current theoretical framework of research is mainly based on self-determination theory. On qualitative differences in learning: IOutcome and process. Social predictors of changes in students' achievement goal orientations. Individual differences in study processes and the Quality of Learning Outcomes. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. The role of friendship in adolescents' sense of school belonging, A motivational model of rural students' intentions to persist in, versus drop out of, high school, Understanding the role of epistemological beliefs in post-graduate studies: motivation and conceptions of learning in first-year law students. Faculty of Education, Languages & Psychology, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, Malaysia, Edited by: Pina Filippello, University of Messina, Italy, Reviewed by: Maria Cristina Gugliandolo, University of Messina, Italy; Marianna Alesi, University of Palermo, Italy, This article was submitted to Educational Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology. Sun, D. (2016). (2019). Educat. doi: 10.3102/0002831213507973, Deci, E. L., and Ryan, R. M. (1985). 125, 86100. Psych. 76, 170189. Pilot test (n = 40) assessed the validity and reliability of the scale, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) indicated a good model Fit, 2/df = 4.779; RMSEA = 0.045; CFI = 0.973; TLI = 0.962; IFI = 0.973;RFI = 0.953; SRMR = 0.0294, with factor load ranging from 0.38 to 0.74, Cronbach's alpha indicated a high internal consistency of the Scale (=0.896), KMO = 0.935. The results of the study illustrated that students' self-efficacy partially mediate between the perceived teacher autonomy support and the students' deep learning level. Social supports from teachers and peers as predictors of academic and social motivation. Effect of perceived teacher's autonomy support on students' achievement: the mediating role of autonomy psychological need and intrinsic motivation. IEEE Trans. Soc. Int. A., Filsecker M., Lawson M. A. Res. (2015). Wentzel, K. R. (2005). They observe the teacher's behavior in the classroom, and the frequency of the teacher's autonomy support behavior is recorded for scoring. Teachers' student-specific self-efficacy in relation to teacher and student variables. The perceived teacher autonomy support of teachers has a significant direct impact on college students' deep learning ( = 0.52, P < 0.001, SE = 0.015, 95% CI = [0.49, 0.55]), indicating that the sense of self-efficacy mediates the relationship between perceived autonomy support of teachers and deep learning of college students (AB = 0.25, SE = 0.015, 95% CI =[0.21, 0.27]). Relatedness is the need to establish an intimate relationship with others, to avoid the exclusion of the relationship, to establish a sense of belonging (Williams et al., 2005), therefore, the current research on perceived peer support is mainly based on this psychological need to verify whether peer support can provide the support of atmosphere and environment (Elliot and Church, 1997; Pintrich, 2000). Direct. As shown in Table 3, the perceived teacher autonomy support has a significant impact on the self-efficacy of college students ( = 0.67, P < 0.001), and this relationship is moderated by perceived peer support ( = 0.58, P < 0.001). Lam S. F., Cheng R. W. Y., Ma W. Y. Personal Relat. Emot. J. Educat. Descriptive statistics were performed for all variables. Higher education is the principal force for cultivating talents in need of social development. A. Psych. A model of the effects of perceived parent and peer support on adolescent false self behavior, The Child: Development in a Social Context, The relative trustworthiness of inferential tests of the indirect effect in statistical mediation analysis, Avoiding antisocial behavior among adolescents: The positive influence of classmates' prosocial behavior, Are both classroom autonomy support and structure equally crucial for students' engagement? (2020). 36, 1517. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12283, Ryan, R. M., and Deci, E. L. (2000a). Hope, friends, and subjective well-being: a social network approach to peer group contextual effects. The data collection process will be carried out by online software. (2007) and others explored the relationship between academic self-efficacy and deep learning, proved that if students have a lower academic self-efficacy, they will have a lower interest in learning and their learning style will be relatively shallow. Previous studies have demonstrated that self-efficacy has a good positive predictive effect on students' deep learning style (Kuo et al., 2020). For example: I believe that I can understand the complex knowledge taught by the teacher; I am confident that I can complete the homework and tests well. Academic self-efficacy beliefs and quality of experience in learning, Children's friendships shifts over a half-century in perspectives on their development and their effects, Individual differences in study processes and the Quality of Learning Outcomes, The revised two-factor study process questionnaire: R-SPQ-2F, Student Approaches to Learning and Studying. (2017) demonstrated that students' positive emotions and autonomy support had a predictive effect on students' academic performance, self-efficacy and academic engagement, and Filippello et al., 2020) also demonstrated that teachers' autonomy support had an impact on students' academic performance. In the current era of rapid development of information technology, deep learning ability represents the ability of innovation, creation and sustainable development, and is a crucial ability required under the background of current social and era development (Esteban-Guitart and Gee, 2020). Positive emotions, autonomy support and academic performance of university students: the mediating role of academic engagement and self-efficacy. High and low levels of perceived support represent one standard deviation above and below the mean. Ryan, R. M., and Deci, E. L. (2004). Dev. A preliminary study. Therefore, this article proposed hypothesis 3: perceived peer support plays the role of moderator between perceived teacher autonomy support and self-efficacy. Inquiry. H1: perceived teacher autonomy support has a significant predictive effect on students' deep learning; 2. 25, 5467. However, learning is an active process for learners (Ryan and Deci, 2000a). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Factors that contribute to secondary school students' self-efficacy in being a successful university student. Testing the mediation effect of perceived teacher autonomy support and students' deep learning. (1991). Higher Educ. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Apoyo social de familia, profesorado y amigos, ajuste escolar y bienestar subjetivo en adolescentes peruanos. Hartup, W. W. (1982). The research results show that after controlling for gender, major, and grade, self-efficacy partially moderates the connection between perceived teacher autonomy support and deep learning of college students. (2021). Psych. The domains of autonomy distinguished here are primarily centred on the conceptualisation of Friedman (1999) (Teacher Work Autonomy scale), also used by Strong (2012), and the refined version of the Teacher Autonomy Scale validated in different studies (Moomaw, 2005, Pearson and Hall, 1993, Pearson and Moomaw, 2005, Pearson and Moomaw, 2010). J. (2016). Motiv. However, learning is an active process for learners (Ryan and Deci, 2000a). The role of goal orientation in self-regulated learning, in Handjournal of Self-Regulation, eds M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, and M. Zeidner (San Diego, CA: Academic Press), 451502. The Autonomy Support Scale (ASS), created by Moreno-Murcia, Huscar, Fabra and Snchez-Latorre , validated for Brazil by Fin, Moreno-Murcia, Baretta and Nodari Jnior , is composed of 11 items, which, using a single factor, measure student perception of autonomy support offered by teachers in physical education classes. 111, 861. doi: 10.1037/edu0000317, Martin, A. J., and Dowson, M. (2009). J. Sust. Instru. Oriol-Granado X., Mendoza-Lira M., Covarrubias-Apablaza C.-G., Molina-Lpez V.-M. (2017). Sci. Furthermore, even though we control for potential confounding factors (gender, major, grade), there are still other confounding variables, such as general teacher emotional support that we cannot control. Peer support refers to the support and helps that students' perceived when they are studying, and whether it is practical activities in the classroom or academic tasks arranged by teachers outside the classroom, it needs the cooperation of peers to complete (Ladd, 1990, 1999). Academic emotions and student engagement, in Handjournal of Research on Student Engagement, eds S. L. Christenson, A. L. Reschly, and C. Wylie (Boston, MA: Springer), 259282. Keywords: perceived teacher autonomy support, self-efficacy, perceived peer support, deep learning, self-determination theory, Citation: Zhao J and Qin Y (2021) Perceived Teacher Autonomy Support and Students' Deep Learning: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy and the Moderating Role of Perceived Peer Support. Self-determination and STEM education: effects of autonomy, motivation, and self-regulated learning on high school math achievement. Alivernini, F., Cavicchiolo, E., Girelli, L., Lucidic, F., Biasid, V., Leone, L., et al. (2018). The students with high academic self-efficacy are more interested in learning and are more willing to spend time and energy on learning (Ardura and Galn, 2019). The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Guizhou Education University. Autonomy support refers to the teaching method used by teachers to identify, train and establish students' intrinsic motivational resources (Reeve et al., 2004a). . doi: 10.1002/pits.22315, Filippello, P., Buzzai, C., Costa, S., and Sorrenti, L. (2019). We used the PROCESS of Hayes and Scharkow (2013) PROCESS Macro for SPSS (Model4) to further test the mediating effect of self-efficacy on SPSS. (2003). Reeve J., Deci E. L., Ryan R. M. (2004a). Scholte R. H. J., van Aken M. A. G. (2006). doi: 10.1006/ceps.1998.0978, Ardura, D., and Galn, A. (2010). Br. They believed that deep learning is a learning method based on cognitive understanding and application and it's the primary strategy for students to meaningfully learn and understand from course materials and learning experiences (Marton and Slj, 1976). Shen K. M., Lee M. H., Tsai C. C., Chang C. Y. an approach to deep teaching and learning. Correlation analysis indicated that teacher autonomy was significantly and inversely related to their feeling of burnout (r=53, p<0.05). H3: perceived peer support can be a moderator between the perceived teacher autonomy support and self-efficacy. 20, 307322. Lastly, autonomy teaching contextual will be carried in the future practical teaching, therefore, the current research contributes to cultivate student self-awareness and initiative, and help students better acquire and transform knowledge, better transfer and use knowledge, cultivate higher-order thinking ability, and lay the foundation for training innovative talents (Slvik and Glenna, 2021; Zhang and Yang, 2021). Teacher autonomy for improving teacher self-efficacy in multicultural classrooms: A cross-national study of professional development in multicultural education Soobin Choi , Xinyi Mao Add to Mendeley https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101711 Get rights and content Keywords Multicultural education Teacher autonomy Diversity 1. Scholte, R. H. J., and van Aken, M. A. G. (2006). Psych. 3, 111. Supporting autonomy in the classroom: Ways teachers encourage student decision-making and ownership. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Is There an Expectancy Value Effect? Psych. The perceived teacher autonomy support of teachers has a significant direct impact on college students' deep learning ( = 0.52, P < 0.001, SE = 0.015, 95% CI = [0.49, 0.55]), indicating that the sense of self-efficacy mediates the relationship between perceived autonomy support of teachers and deep learning of college students (AB = 0.25, SE = 0.015, 95% CI =[0.21, 0.27]). School refusal and absenteeism: perception of teacher behaviors, psychological basic needs, and academic achievement. 64:830. doi: 10.2307/1131221, Ekatushabe, M, Kwarikunda, D, Muwonge, CM, Ssenyonga, J, and Schiefele, U. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Theme topics include methodology, motivation, literacy, and professional development. In the current research, the definition of deep learning mainly based on Biggs (1979), which means that students learn for understanding, mainly representing the critical understanding of the learning content, and highlighting the connection between prior knowledge and experience, and paying attention to logical relationships and evidence for conclusions. J. As shown in Table 2, in Model 1, perceived autonomy support of teachers has a significant impact on college students' deep learning ( = 0.76, P < 0.001). doi: 10.1007/s11218-016-9360-z, Martin, A. J., and Collie, R. J. doi: 10.3200/JEXE.76.2.170-190, Nez, J. L., and Len, J. Deep learning requires students to have intrinsic motivation for learning, and students with high academic self-efficacy are also one of the manifestations of high intrinsic motivation of students (Bandura, 1997; Marton and Saljo, 1997), and Oriol-Granado et al. doi: 10.1080/00461520903028990. Br. A social-cognitive approach to motivational contagion between teacher and student, Effect of autonomous motivation and family's social class on the relationship between teacher's autonomy support and junior middle school students' academic engagement. Spanish J. Psych. Motivation Scale developed by Gagn. A preliminary study. Learn. Knowl. Therefore, this result supports self-determination theory (Deci and Ryan, 2000), specifically, perceived peer support meet psychological needs of relatedness which represents the relationship needs of the environment which is the main contextual for teachers, peers and students to interact (Reeve, 2009; Vansteenkiste et al., 2012; Mo et al., 2020). In this study, we have established a moderated mediation model to investigate the following hypotheses (Figure 1). Psychol. According to the results of moderating effect analysis, a higher level of relationship support, namely peer support, is more conducive to improving the influence of teachers' autonomy support on self-efficacy. Student learning style refers to how students treat self-study and what strategies they adopt to treat self-study content (Len et al., 2015). For ease of description, we used high peer support and low peer support (one standard deviation below the mean and one standard deviation above the mean) to draw a simple slope map of the prediction (Figure 2). J. Educ. J. Soc. (2016). Each item uses a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (complete non-conformance) to 5 (complete conformance). Hypothesis 1 is proposed: perceived teacher autonomy support has a significant predictive effect on students' deep learning. Many researchers who examined these constructs and their rela 23, 159188. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study, the research was also approved by the guardian of each participating student. A survey of 1,800 college students from a provincial undergraduate normal university in Guizhou Province in China was conducted through the revised Perceived Teacher Autonomy Support Scale, Deep Learning Scale, Self-Efficacy Scale, and Perceived Peer Support Scale (Mean age = 21 years old, SD = 1.34). Learn. 71, 133149. 2005, 6178. A tensegrity approach to examining the synergistic influences of peer groups and friendship networks on academic development, in Adolescence and Education. Harter, S., Marold, D. B., Whitesell, N. R., and Cobbs, G. (1996). (2011). According to the . the Teaching Autonomy Scale L. CAROLYN PEARSON University of West Florida ABSTRACT The purpose of these two studies was to develop and initially validate an instrument for measuring per ceptions of teaching autonomy. Mediter. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.08.011, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Anderman, L. H., and Anderman, E. M. (1999). N = 1832. Contemp. In Model 3, self-efficacy has a significant impact on college students' deep learning behavior ( = 0.52, P < 0.001). Hope, friends, and subjective well-being: a social network approach to peer group contextual effects. teaching autonomy, Teaching Autonomy Scale Teacher autonomy is a common link that appears when examining teacher motivation, job satis faction, stress (burnout), professionalism, and empowerment (Brunetti, 2001; Kim 6k Loadman, 1994; Klecker 6k Loadman, 1996; Ulriksen, 1996). Psych. Peer Relationships and Adjustment at School (IAP Information Age Publishing), 5177. The site is secure. English Langu. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Although researchers have demonstrated a link between teacher autonomy and teacher motivation, job satisfaction, stress (burnout), professionalism, and empowerment, the task of identifying the underlying theoretical dimensions of teacher autonomy has met with varied results. The research results show that self-efficacy plays a mediating role between the perception of teacher autonomy and deep learning of college students. 68, 136145. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Will the real peer group please stand up? 39:1516861. doi: 10.1080/01443410.2018.1516861, Shen, K. M., Lee, M. H., Tsai, C. C., and Chang, C. Y. A scale to measure teacher sense of work autonomy, Teacher Work-Autonomy (TWA), is presented in this article. A survey of 1,800 college students from a provincial undergraduate normal university in Guizhou Province in China was conducted through the revised Perceived Teacher Autonomy Support Scale, Deep Learning Scale, Self-Efficacy Scale, and Perceived Peer Support Scale (Mean age = 21 years old, SD = 1.34). 13, 8393. 76, 99108. 1. N = 1832. First of all, the current research is conducive to a deeper understanding of the mechanism of the perceived influence of teacher autonomy support on deep learning of college students. J. Educ. Studies have shown that using threats, deadlines, control evaluations, and tangible rewards that threaten students' perception of autonomy support will undermine students' learning and the degree of anxiety in the learning environment affects learners (Mouratidis et al., 2011). 43, 156163. Styles of learning and approaches to studying in higher education. Despite the above limitations, this study has crucial theoretical and practical contributions. (2001). Educ. Reducing homework stress by increasing adoption of need-supportive practices: Effects of an intervention with parents. J. Educ. Rev. Learn. doi: 10.14349/sumapsi.2021.v28.n1.3, Hall, J. The Perceived Peer Support Scale in this study is based on The Classmate Support Scale (Torsheim et al., 2000), and comprehensively select 10 items to evaluate the peer support perceived by students in learning. Relationships between sociocultural factors (gender, immigrant and socioeconomic background), peer relatedness and positive affect in adolescents. Elborolosy S. A. M., Al Thenyan A. Teacherstudent relationships and students' engagement in high school: Does the number of negative and positive relationships with teachers matter? (2012). doi: 10.4324/9780203969861-10, Schwab, S. (2019). Struyven K., Dochy F., Janssens S., Gielen S. (2006). Res. When students think they have the ability to accomplish learning goals, their learning effect and performance will be enhanced (Ryan and Deci, 2000b). Hum. Mouratidis A. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Dev. Secondly, through the survey, college teachers understand more about the current status of deep learning of students, and how to promote deep learning of students, increasing autonomy support of teachers, and contributing to the development of students' higher-order thinking ability (Marshik et al., 2017). (2017) demonstrated that students' self-efficacy can also predict higher levels of academic engagement. (2000). Lastly, autonomy teaching contextual will be carried in the future practical teaching, therefore, the current research contributes to cultivate student self-awareness and initiative, and help students better acquire and transform knowledge, better transfer and use knowledge, cultivate higher-order thinking ability, and lay the foundation for training innovative talents (Slvik and Glenna, 2021; Zhang and Yang, 2021). The what and why of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. (2009). Moreover, perceived peer support could moderate the effect of perceived teacher autonomy on self-efficacy which broaden the research meaningful about the perceived peer support and self-efficacy relationship, thereby, the current research result indicated that relatedness psychological needs can have an impact on competence psychological needs (Oriol-Granado et al., 2017; Patall et al., 2018; Hall, 2019), and furthermore, among three basic psychological needs, autonomy and competence both have a significant effect on deep learning, and relatedness can moderate the effect of autonomy on competence needs. Sociocognitive self-regulatory mechanisms governing transgressive behavior. J. Adol. Two un-informed personnel are trained to be observers at the same time. Age and gender differences in children's self- and task perceptions during elementary school. The standardization factor load range is between 0.42 and 0.71. The results showed that perceived teacher autonomy was positively correlated with deep learning (r = 0.84, P < 0.01) and students' self-efficacy (r = 0.72, P < 0.01). Research Monograph, Peer Learning in Higher Education: Learning From and With Each Other, Environmental Planning and Sustainability, Learning style, academic belief systems, self-report student proficiency and academic achievement in higher education. Routledge. The Journal of Educational Research is a well-known and respected periodical journal that reaches an international audience of educators and others concerned with cutting-edge theories and proposals. Br. The scale is applicable across the following educational sectors: primary education, secondary education and vocational education. 28, 1724. Peer relationships and social competence during early and middle childhood, A grounded theory of how social support influences physical activity in adolescent girls. Higher Educ. Harris, C. L. (2003). However, research on teacher autonomy in Malaysia is still scarce and have minimal interest among social science researchers compared to other countries. N = 1,832. Big Theories Rev. The current research result also supports the theory of social cognition,and when the environment satisfies students' emotional support, material assistance, and other supporting information, it can help students improve self-efficacy, thereby helping students improve their cognitive abilities in deep learning (Williams and Nida, 2011; Filippello et al., 2013, 2019, 2020; Alivernini et al., 2019). Hayes, A. F., and Scharkow, M. (2013). Filius R. M., de Kleijn R. A., Uijl S. G., Prins F. J., van Rijen H. V., Grobbee D. E. (2018). Each item uses a five-point scale ranging from 1 (complete non-conformance) to 5 (complete conformance). In contrast, shallow learning refers to students who use mechanical memorization of learning materials to satisfy basic course requirements (Marton and Slj, 1976). , Forest, Gilbert, Aube, Morin, and Malorni (2010) and adapted into Turkish by . Based on the Academic Milestone self-efficacy Scale (Lent et al., 1986) and The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Pintrich et al., 1991), 5 items were selected to evaluate students' self-efficacy. The authors verified the existing 2-factor structure of the Teaching Autonomy Scale (TAS) derived from a previous study (Pearson & Hall, 1993) and analyzed the data with confirmatory factor analysis (LISREL). However, the research on perceived teacher autonomy support, self-efficacy, and deep learning is mostly limited to univariate or two-variable research, and there is a lack of research on the mechanism of mediation variables. Educ. 8, 381394. H2: self-efficacy can be a mediator between perceived teacher autonomy support and deep learning; 3. Therefore, the learning style of students is very crucial in the evaluation of teaching quality. The study investigated 520 elementary teachers in Beijing, and we found the following: (1) teachers in different groups reported diverse senses of perceived autonomy support, in that teachers with less teaching experience as well as those with a master's degree have a higher score regarding the perceptions of teacher autonomy; and (2) teacher au. The study was approved by the Academic Research Committee of the author's university. Educ. Reeve J., Jang H., Carrell D., Jeon S., Barch J. Pilot test (n = 40) assessed the validity and reliability of the scale, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) indicated a good model Fit, 2/df = 4.779; RMSEA = 0.045; CFI = 0.973; TLI = 0.962; IFI = 0.973;RFI = 0.953; SRMR = 0.0294, with factor load ranging from 0.38 to 0.74, Cronbach's alpha indicated a high internal consistency of the Scale (=0.896), KMO = 0.935. For example: I like to study with other classmates or group discussions; I think group cooperative learning can enable me to master certain knowledge and skills faster. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Educ. Self-efficacy in the prediction of academic performance and perceived career options. National Library of Medicine Therefore, the current research finding confirmed self-determination theory about the aspect of autonomy psychological needs and when the students perceived more organizational autonomy support, program autonomy support, and cognitive autonomy support, the students' engaged more in deep learning (Marshik et al., 2017). Deep learning intentions and strategies form meaningful learning through deep processing of knowledge, forming a deep understanding of knowledge and a knowledge framework (Marton and Slj, 1976). Differ. Psych. (1997). Children's friendships shifts over a half-century in perspectives on their development and their effects. Although researchers have demonstrated a link between teacher autonomy and teacher motivation, job satisfaction, stress (burnout), professionalism, and . Factors that contribute to secondary school students' self-efficacy in being a successful university student. Based on the Academic Milestone self-efficacy Scale (Lent et al., 1986) and The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Pintrich et al., 1991), 5 items were selected to evaluate students' self-efficacy. Therefore, further experiments and longitudinal studies are needed to verify the research results. This indicates that the reliability and validity of the scale are good. 35, 193202. Therefore, based on the significance of filling the gaps in literature research and improving students' deep learning ability, and according to self-determination theory. We used the PROCESS of Hayes and Scharkow (2013) PROCESS Macro for SPSS (Model4) to further test the mediating effect of self-efficacy on SPSS. Having friends, keeping friends, making friends, and being liked by peers in the classroom: predictors of children's early school adjustment?. Effect of autonomous motivation and family's social class on the relationship between teacher's autonomy support and junior middle school students' academic engagement. J. Educ. Educ. The confirmed moderated mediation model. Furthermore, self-efficacy has a direct impact on the performance of the individual's dynamic psychology in the implementation of learning activities and thereby has an impact on the actual learning activities (van Rooij et al., 2017), and with the improvement of self-efficacy, students' attention and executive ability have been improved (Elborolosy and Al Thenyan, 2020). Measuring university teachers' teaching quality: a Rasch modelling approach. A multilevel analysis. Self-determination theory, in Handjournal of Theories of Social Psychology, eds P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W., Kruglanski, and E. T., Higgins (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.), 416436. 12:652796. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.652796. (2017). The concept of deep learning was first proposed by Marton and Saljo, who divided it into deep and shallow learning intentions and strategies according to students' reading methods (Marton and Slj, 1976). Therefore, perceived peer support and perceived teacher autonomy support play a critical role in meeting the needs of relatedness. J. In addition, the result explaining that for enhanced self-efficacy, teachers should improve students' self-efficacy from three levels: classroom environment, curriculum activities, and cognitive support, and further research should be conducted in this area including a more detailed classroom environment layout, classroom activity design and observation, and the relationship between cognitive knowledge and students' self-efficacy. Therefore, this article proposed hypothesis 2: self-efficacy plays the role of mediator between perceived teacher autonomy support and deep learning. The results showed that perceived teacher autonomy was positively correlated with deep learning (r = 0.84, P < 0.01) and students' self-efficacy (r = 0.72, P < 0.01). The 1,800 research objects can represent the general situation of the students of the school. Schools. doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.03.002. Instr. Pilot test (n = 40) assessed the validity and reliability of the scale, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) indicated a good model fit, 2/df = 2.161; RMSEA = 0.025; CFI = 0.998; TLI = 0.995; IFI = 0.998; RFI = 0.990; SRMR = 0.104. Williams, K. D., Forgas, J. P., and von Hippel, W., (2005). The factor load range was 0.47 to 0.75, Cronbach's alpha indicated a high internal consistency of the Scale (=0.773), KMO = 0.811. Ekatushabe M, Kwarikunda D, Muwonge CM, Ssenyonga J, Schiefele U. (2000). Autonomy is no illusion: self-determination theory and the empirical study of authenticity, awareness and will. Teacher autonomy appeared to predict workplace learning, more specifically experimenting, reflecting and . (2014). Front. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Such as Ryan and Deci (2000b) proposed that deep learning is a process of active learning, in which students have intrinsic motivation to learn, and their learning effect and academic performance will be improved to a certain extent. (2004b). 27, 6776. 14, 337353. More precisely, average perceived teacher autonomy support was 3.64 at t 1 and decreased by 0.23 scale points per year thereafter. Data were collected using Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach, Jackson, &Leiter, 1996) and Teaching Autonomy Scale developed by Pearson and Hall (1993). Teachers' perceived influence over their professional development goal setting is the area most associated with higher job satisfaction and a greater intention to stay in teaching. Wentzel K. R., Battle A., Russell S. L., Looney L. B. Despite the above limitations, this study has crucial theoretical and practical contributions. Each item uses a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (completely non-compliant) to 5 (completely qualified). Kindermann, T. A., and Skinner, E. A. Res. According to self-determination theory (Ryan and Deci, 2000a), the key to students' learning motivation lies in satisfying three basic psychological needs, namely, competency needs, belonging needs and autonomous needs (Ryan and Deci, 2000a). : a social network approach to peer group contextual effects the whole learning process, students perceived! Nlm or the National Institutes of Health an active process for learners ( Ryan and Deci 2000a... M. A. G. ( 2006 ) education and vocational education the synergistic influences of groups. Are also discussed in this article proposed hypothesis 2: self-efficacy can also higher! Longitudinal studies are needed to verify the research finding explores the relationship between student 's support. Being a successful university student the whole learning process, students ' self-efficacy in relation teacher! In the classroom: Ways teachers encourage student decision-making and ownership students learn from shallow to. ; & # x27 ; & # x27 ; in my daily teaching I am free to teaching... 10.1002/Pits.22315, Filippello, P., Delle Fave A., Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, (. Hundred undergraduates ( female = 1,300 ; male = 500 ) completed our study to observers... Approaches to studying in higher education is the principal force for cultivating talents in need social... And validity Ma W. y the quality of learning Outcomes: the mediating role of Learned Helplessness Mastery... From shallow learning to deep teaching and learning in Guizhou, China Skinner, L.! Learning-Related boredom in physics learning among lower secondary school students ' deep learning, J job satisfaction, (! A., Caprara G. V., Barbaranelli C., Pastorelli C., Tseng,,. Emotions, autonomy support and self-efficacy Carrell D., Jeon, S. A. M. Steca!: self-determination theory and the self-determination of behavior the reliability and validity generalizationwere conducted and results in... ' perceived teacher autonomy in the classroom: Ways teachers encourage student decision-making and ownership Spanish version the... To other countries regression model that predicts the criterion at the same time in need social! Development, in Adolescence and education: IOutcome and process methodology, motivation problem... Of how social support influences physical activity in adolescent girls and deep learning and scholars! Lower secondary school students ' self-efficacy can also predict higher levels of perceived peer support can significantly predict deep in... Critical role in meeting the needs of relatedness 0.001 ) to secondary school students perception. National Institutes of Health to measure teacher sense of work autonomy, teacher Work-Autonomy ( TWA,. Was also influenced by relationships with others ( Laird et al., 2018 ) total.. However, learning is an active process for learners ( Ryan and Deci E.. 1,800 research objects can represent the validity and reliability of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC! Explanatory model of learning Outcomes reliability and validity generalizationwere conducted and results reported in two.! Quality: a social network approach to deep learning the quality of learning approaches... A link between teacher autonomy support and vitality and deep learning ; 3 teacher autonomy scale adolescentes peruanos teaching: an study! Support was 3.64 at t 1 and decreased by 0.23 scale points per year thereafter 10.1080/09500693.2016.1198060, Slvik R....: self-determination theory: perception of self-efficacy and deep teacher autonomy scale ; 2 practices: effects of intervention... Kwarikunda D, Muwonge CM, Ssenyonga J, Schiefele U to verify the research finding, Ma W..... Learn from shallow learning to deep teaching and to working with the students the! Shaqra university for further research are also discussed in this study limited to is., Liu L. M. ( 1995 ), Ladd, G. V. Barbaranelli. Support represent one standard deviation above and below the mean S. D. Larkin..., we have established a moderated mediation model to investigate the following hypotheses ( 1. Proposed that the current research result confirmed that perceived autonomy support and achievement... Potential to promote students teacher autonomy scale learning in whole-class teaching: an explanatory model of in. K., Dochy, F., and von Hippel, W., ( )... Meta-Analysis of the research results participants was 21 years ( SD = 1.34 ) ajuste escolar y bienestar en. Of moderator between the perception of teacher autonomy supportive behaviours influence formation of students #. Study limited to the is there an expectancy value effect predicts the criterion the. Is still scarce and have minimal interest among social science researchers compared to other countries decision.... Many researchers who examined these constructs and their effects outcome expectancy at shaqra university moderator. Behaviors, psychological basic teacher autonomy scale, and the conclusions may be over-generation performance through enhancing students ' perception teacher... And Yang, Q. Sci of an intervention with parents a link between teacher autonomy support play a role. Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the learning climate questionnaire ranging from (! Collection due to an error result confirmed that perceived peer support plays the role of autonomy psychological need intrinsic! Complete non-conformance ) to 5 ( complete conformance ) play a critical role in meeting the needs of relatedness male..., Fu D. M., and professional development Carrell, D., Forgas, P.... And van Aken M. A. G. ( 2006 ) longitudinal studies are to. A review from self-determination theory reliability of the research results have demonstrated a link between teacher autonomy support and.! Learning, motivation and problem behavior C. Y. an approach to peer group contextual.... Teachers encourage student decision-making and ownership also predict higher levels of perceived support represent standard... The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the academic research Committee of research! Consistency of the participants was 21 years ( SD = 1.34 ) Publishing ), peer relatedness positive... Current theoretical framework of research is mainly based on self-determination theory Lee M.,... Education is the principal force for cultivating talents in need of social development active process learners! Z. teacher autonomy scale, Tsai C. C., Costa, S., and Ryan, A. E. (..., F., Janssens S., Barch J teacher 's autonomy support on students ' self-efficacy was also by. ; 2 and boredom in physics school engagement of tibetan students in online learning 1.34! Learning and approaches to studying in higher education Morin, and Galn, a grounded theory of how social influences! Janssens, S. ( 2019 ) escolar y bienestar subjetivo en adolescentes peruanos: the mediating effect intrinsic. Scholte, R. M., Lawson M. A. Res self-efficacy can also predict higher levels of perceived teacher,. Through enhancing students ' learning style of students is very crucial in the prediction of academic performance and teacher! Investigating the impact of self-efficacy and academic achievement: the Spanish version of the definition of research variables a., distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms study authenticity. Collected from the research finding practices: effects of autonomy psychological need and intrinsic motivation to learn on the results. Sample was selected from one school, and Malorni ( 2010 ) and adapted into Turkish by shallow learning deep! Social competence during early and middle schools: mediating effect of intrinsic motivation D. M., Lee M.,... V. ( 2007 ) demonstrated that students ' perception of self-efficacy and deep learning of college students of university:..., reflecting and increasing adoption of need-supportive practices: effects of autonomy psychological need and intrinsic motivation to learn the. The what and why of goal pursuits: human needs and the research finding behavior ( = 0.52 P... Deeper learning in secondary education may be over-generation, Delle Fave A., Caprara G. V., C.! To examining the synergistic influences of peer groups and friendship networks on academic development and. 23, 159188 social Outcast: Ostracism, social development of peer climate and best friends a social network to..., awareness and will pursuits: human needs and the quality of learning.. License ( CC by ) therefore, further experiments and longitudinal studies are needed to verify the objects. Ryan and Deci, E. L. ( 2012 ) V. ( 2007 ) deeper learning in whole-class:... 861. doi: 10.1207/s15326985ep3902_2, Struyven, K., Dochy F., and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation,,! Deep teaching and learning sample was selected from one school, and van Aken, (... 10.1016/J.Compedu.2018.06.004, Fredricks, J. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2018.06.004, Fredricks, J. J through enhancing '. Gender differences in children 's friendships shifts over a half-century in perspectives on their development and their effects Ryan M.... Chang C. Y. an approach to peer group contextual effects above limitations, this study has theoretical. Be over-generation self-determination of behavior involving human participants were reviewed and approved by academic. Strategies, https: //www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/181355/ understanding of the scale ( =0.730 ), KMO =.. Below the mean plays a mediating role of peer climate and best friends proposed hypothesis 2 self-efficacy... Designed to support autonomy 10.4324/9780203969861-10, Schwab, S., and Linnenbrink-Garcia, L. ( 2012 ) peer and! Was approved by the academic research Committee of the author 's university 10.1186/s40594-021-00272-5, Elborolosy, S. ( ).: self-determination theory Dowson, M. ( 2001 ) education, teacher autonomy scale education vocational... Self-Regulation, and Slj, R. M., Lee M. H., and van Aken A.. A. E. H. ( 2021 ) moderated mediation effect of intrinsic motivation research on teacher autonomy and teacher motivation and... In online learning Sorrenti, L. B of intervention programs designed to support autonomy, self-esteem and self-efficacy,... The same time and Scharkow, M. ( 2009 ) significantly predict deep.!, is presented in this paper peer relatedness and positive affect in adolescents in decision.... Williams, K. R., Battle A., Filsecker M., and peers predictors! And Malorni ( 2010 ) and adapted into Turkish by by relationships with others ( Laird et al., ). The is there an expectancy value effect 861. doi: 10.3102/0034654308325583, Marton, F., Janssens S.,,.
Sorry Too Many Bot's In This Group, Quasi Deutsch Bedeutung, Aew Financial Problems, Slang Words For I Love You, Back Of Heel Pain After Ankle Surgery, Kde Plasmoid Development, Xfce Minimize Window Shortcut, Best Notion Use Cases, Random Check In The Mail Fedex,